i very strongly recommend you become thoroughly familiar with whatever state(s) gun laws you plan to be, especially concerning carrying a long gun in public. some states it is not at all illegal to have one strapped to your back.
also you should have a valid hunting license for whatever state you will be in.
if you have the look of going "into the wild" and it is legal to tote one, cops probably wont haul you in but they will probably stop you.
i also strongly suggest you look into something like a breakdown 22 rifle like an AR7, a marlin papoose, or one of the new ruger 1022 breakdown models.
with a 22 you can take any small game and though i personally would not try it again as i dont need the meat, the 22 will instantly drop a deer with a shot right through the base of the ear.
another option is to get a harrington and richardson survivor 45colt/410 shotgun combo weapon. scroll down on this page for a picture and a writeup of the weapon.
http://www.hr1871.com/Firearms/ShotgunsAndRifles/survivor.asp
there is also some over/under weapons made with rifle/shotgun configurations.
http://www.freedomsphoenix.com/Article/050856-2009-05-28-over-under-shotgun-rifle-combos.htm
your mention of a 30-06 is really a suboptimal caliber to go a'trekkin in the wilderness with an idea to subsistance hunting. unless it is alaska i would not choose a caliber like that.
if it is alaska, a 12 gauge pump such as the mossberg 500 or remington 870 or any of a host of other pump 12 gauge shotguns would be good to have as you can use small shot on small game and have slugs for large game/bear protection.
be aware that most small game is regulated by seasons and daily limits. having a parks and wildlife/dnr/fish and game/national forest ranger slip on you with a squirrel roasting over the fire out of season is a really bad way to end the day.
having said all this ill point out that getting a "wrist rocket" and learning to use it will bring small game to the pot. also learning the use of snares will put meat in the pot. these methods have the advantage of no noise to attract attention.
"alexander supertramp" used a remington nylon 66 22 rifle and actually did kill a moose with it but he was too much of a dumbshit to have learned how to preserve meat so it mostly spoiled.